System for adaptive construction sequencing

ABSTRACT

A computer system for adaptive construction sequencing. In one embodiment, a scheduling component is used to access a schedule for completing a project is. A 3-dimensional (3-D) simulation component is used to generate a 3-D model of at least one component used in completing the project. The 3-D simulation component is used to generate a 3-D simulation showing the construction of the project in accordance with the schedule. A cost estimating component is used to generate a cost estimate of the cost of completing the project in accordance with the schedule.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED U.S. APPLICATION

This application is a divisional application of and claims the benefitof co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/390,356 filed on Feb.20, 2009 entitled “Method and System for Adaptive ConstructionSequencing” by Mark Nichols, having Attorney Docket No. TRMB-2238, andassigned to the assignee of the present application; the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Embodiments are related to the field of construction site management.

SUMMARY

A computer implemented method and computer system for adaptiveconstruction sequencing. In one embodiment, a scheduling component isused to access a schedule for completing a project is. A 3-dimensional(3-D) simulation component is used to generate a 3-D model of at leastone component used in completing the project. The 3-D simulationcomponent is used to generate a 3-D simulation showing the constructionof the project in accordance with the schedule. A cost estimatingcomponent is used to generate a cost estimate of the cost of completingthe project in accordance with the schedule.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form a part ofthis specification, illustrate and serve to explain the principles ofembodiments in conjunction with the description. Unless specificallynoted, the drawings referred to in this description should be understoodas not being drawn to scale.

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method for adaptive construction sequencingin accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 2A is a block diagram of an example system for adaptiveconstruction sequencing in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 2B shows a computer system used in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 3 shows an example site in accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method for adaptive construction sequencingin accordance with one embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method for adaptive construction sequencingin accordance with one embodiment.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments, examples ofwhich are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. While the subjectmatter will be described in conjunction with these embodiments, it willbe understood that they are not intended to limit the subject matter tothese embodiments. Furthermore, in the following description, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the subject matter. In other instances, well-knownmethods, procedures, objects, and circuits have not been described indetail as not to unnecessarily obscure aspects of the subject matter.

Notation and Nomenclature

Some portions of the detailed descriptions which follow are presented interms of procedures, logic blocks, processing and other symbolicrepresentations of operations on data bits within a computer memory.These descriptions and representations are the means used by thoseskilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey thesubstance of their work to others skilled in the art. In the presentapplication, a procedure, logic block, process, or the like, isconceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps or instructionsleading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physicalmanipulations of physical quantities. Usually, although not necessarily,these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signal capableof being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwisemanipulated in a computer system.

It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar termsare to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and aremerely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unlessspecifically stated otherwise as apparent from the followingdiscussions, it is appreciated that throughout the present discussionsterms such as “defining,” “determining,” “generating,” “receiving,”“accessing,” “modifying,” “using” or the like, refer to the action andprocesses of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device,that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical(electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers andmemories into other data similarly represented as physical quantitieswithin the computer system memories or registers or other suchinformation storage, transmission or display devices.

Method and System for Adaptive Construction Sequencing

FIG. 1 is a flowchart of a method 100 for adaptive constructionsequencing in accordance with one embodiment. In operation 110 of FIG.1, a scheduling component is used to access a schedule for completing aproject. In one embodiment an adaptive construction sequencing system,hereinafter referred to as “sequencing system 200” is used to generate aschedule for completing a project. In one embodiment, the scheduledefines a sequence of events which are performed in completing theproject. For example, to complete a road project, clearing of land,grading, building of structures, and paving of the roadway may benecessary steps in order to complete the project.

In one embodiment, sequencing system 200 generates at least one schedulein which these events are described as a specific sequence of events. Inone embodiment, a user of sequencing system 200 may actually define adesired sequence of events for completing a project and sequencingsystem 200 will generate a schedule describing the user's desiredsequence of events. In another embodiment, a user of sequencing system200 can create a 3-dimensional (3-D) simulation of the progress of aproject by placing 3-D models of components used in the project in amodel of the project site. Sequencing system 200 will then generate aschedule based upon the sequence in which the 3-D models were placed inthe model of the project site.

In another embodiment, a user of sequencing system 200 can create a2-dimensional plan of the project. In one embodiment, sequencing system200 is configured to identify components and/or operations which areneeded to configure the project site in accordance with the 2-D plancreated by the user. This may include contouring the project site, aswell as structures that may be required to complete the project inaccordance with the 2-D plan. Sequencing system 200 will then generate aschedule for completing the project in accordance with the 2-D plancreated by the user.

In operation 120 of FIG. 1, a 3-dimensional (3-D) simulation componentis used to access a 3-D model of at least one component used incompleting the project. As described above, in one embodiment,sequencing system 200 generates at least one 3-D model of a componentused to complete the project. In one embodiment, sequencing system 200can access a defined set of parameters for the component and generatethe 3-D model based upon these parameters. In one embodiment, sequencingsystem 200 stores parameters of components used in a project. Forexample, the specification for a bridge pier may describe the length,width, and height of the pier as well as other parameters. In oneembodiment, sequencing system 200 is configured to access theseparameters and automatically generate a 3-D model of the component. Inanother embodiment, sequencing system 200 can be used by a user torender the 3-D model of the component. In another embodiment, sequencingsystem 200 can access a stored file of the 3-D model of the component.

As described above, a user can create a 2-D plan of a project andsequencing system 200 will automatically identify components used tocomplete the project. In one embodiment, sequencing system 200 isconfigured to generate a 3-D model of the identified component. In oneembodiment, sequencing system 200 may access a set of stored parametersto generate the 3-D model. As an example, sequencing system 200 may beused to create a 2-D plan of a road project. A user can create a terrainmodel of the site and then draw the course of the road across theterrain model. In one embodiment, sequencing system 200 is configured toautomatically identify components which will be needed to complete theroad project. Thus, when a curve in the road is created by the user,sequencing system 200 can access a set of parameters which define theminimum standards for a curve for the road project. These parameters maydefine a minimum curve radius for the intended speed limit of the road,as well as super-elevation or cross-slope of the road surface which isused to offset centripetal forces generated by vehicles in the curve. Inone embodiment, sequencing system 200 identifies the curve as acomponent of the road project and, using the defined standards for acurve for the road project, generates a 3-D model of that component.

In operation 130 of FIG. 1, the 3-D simulation component is used togenerate a 3-D simulation showing the construction of the project inaccordance with the schedule. In one embodiment, sequencing system 200creates a 3-D model of each component which comprises the project andgenerates a 3-D simulation showing the construction of the project basedupon the sequence of events defined by the schedule accessed inoperation 110. In other words, the 3-D simulation also shows the addeddimension of time to portray the construction of the project. The 3-Dsimulation may show a portion of the project, or the entire progress ofthe project from start to completion. Additionally, the 3-D simulationis configured to portray the simulation from any angle and/or positionwhich the user desires. The 3-D simulation can portray the project as aset of lines, or surfaces. Thus, in one embodiment sequencing system 200can generate a realistic 3-D image of the project at any given point inthe construction of the project. This allows a user to see what theproject site will look like, at any point during the progress of theproject, prior to actually beginning construction. In one embodiment, auser can color objects in the 3-D simulation to create a more realisticvisual effect. Sequencing system 200 is also configured to incorporatephotographs, satellite imagery, or other images in the 3-D simulation inone embodiment.

In operation 140 of FIG. 1, a cost estimating component is used togenerate a cost estimate of the cost of completing the project inaccordance with the schedule. In one embodiment, sequencing system 200is configured to estimate the cost of each component used to completethe project. In one embodiment, this includes, but is not limited to,the cost of materials, pre-fabricated components, equipment costs,wages, earthworks, financing, regulatory costs, operational costs, andother factors which are incurred. More specifically, sequencing system200 estimates the cost of completing the project based upon the sequenceof events defined in the schedule described above. For example, a givenproject may be completed using 2 different schedules which definedifferent sequences of events. While the events themselves may be thesame, they may be performed in different sequences to complete theproject. However, the sequencing of the events may impact the cost ofcompleting the project. Thus, by comparing the cost estimates, a usercan determine which schedule for the project is more cost efficient.

As an example, a construction project may involve a highway overpass inwhich cut material from one side of the highway is used as fill on theother side of the highway. One schedule may place the construction ofthe bridge portion of the overpass earlier in the sequence of eventsthan a second schedule does. As a result, the cut material can be hauleddirectly over the bridge to the fill site. Using the second schedule inwhich construction of the bridge occurs later in the sequence of events,the cut material may have to be hauled over a longer, less direct routeto the fill site. As a result, the overall time to complete the projectmay be increased and the cost of hauling the cut material over thelonger route is likely to be much greater. Thus, the cost of thecompleting project may be significantly impacted by the sequence inwhich various events of the project are performed.

Embodiments of sequencing system 200 thus provide a system which allowsa user to visualize the project site prior to actually beginningconstruction and identify various sequences to complete a project. The3-D simulation generated by sequencing system 200 allows a user toeasily identify an unanticipated consequence which may result from animproper sequencing of events. For example, if a project requiresclosing traffic in one direction, the 3-D simulation generated bysequencing system 200 allows a user to see that a given schedule doesnot provide a diversion of the blocked traffic. Thus, the user canmodify the sequence of events in the schedule so that traffic is notblocked during the project. Sequencing system 200 provides the addedadvantage of identifying which schedule can potentially cost the leastto implement as well as an analysis of project costs as the projectprogresses. As a result, a schedule which might not otherwise seemlogical may actually be the best sequence of events to implement basedupon the cost analysis provided by sequencing system 200. Additionally,traditional methods for completing a project can be analyzed todetermine whether a more cost effective alternative method is possible.

With reference to FIG. 2A, one embodiment of an adaptive constructionsequencing system 200 comprises computer-readable andcomputer-executable instructions that reside, for example, in a computersystem which is used as a part of a general purpose computer network(not shown). It is appreciated that sequencing system 200 of FIG. 2A isexemplary only and that embodiments can be implemented within a numberof different computer systems including general-purpose computersystems, embedded computer systems, laptop computer systems, hand-heldcomputer systems, and stand-alone computer systems.

In the present embodiment, sequencing system 200 includes anaddress/data bus 201 for conveying digital information between thevarious components, a central processor unit (CPU) 202 for processingthe digital information and instructions, a volatile main memory 203comprised of volatile random access memory (RAM) for storing the digitalinformation and instructions, and a non-volatile read only memory (ROM)204 for storing information and instructions of a more permanent nature.In addition, sequencing system 200 may also include a data storagedevice 205 (e.g., a magnetic, optical, floppy, or tape drive or thelike) for storing vast amounts of data. It should be noted that thesoftware program for performing adaptive construction sequencing can bestored either in volatile memory 203, data storage device 205, or in anexternal storage device (not shown).

Devices which are optionally coupled to sequencing system 200 include adisplay device 206 for displaying information to a computer user, analpha-numeric input device 207 (e.g., a keyboard), and a cursor controldevice 208 (e.g., mouse, trackball, light pen, etc.) for inputting data,selections, updates, etc. Sequencing system 200 can also include amechanism for emitting an audible signal (not shown).

Returning still to FIG. 2A, optional display device 206 of FIG. 2A maybe a liquid crystal device, cathode ray tube, or other display devicesuitable for creating graphic images and alpha-numeric charactersrecognizable to a user. Optional cursor control device 208 allows thecomputer user to dynamically signal the two dimensional movement of avisible symbol (cursor) on a display screen of display device 206. Manyimplementations of cursor control device 208 are known in the artincluding a trackball, mouse, touch pad, joystick, or special keys onalpha-numeric input 207 capable of signaling movement of a givendirection or manner displacement. Alternatively, it will be appreciatedthat a cursor can be directed and/or activated via input fromalpha-numeric input 207 using special keys and key sequence commands.Alternatively, the cursor may be directed and/or activated via inputfrom a number of specially adapted cursor directing devices.

Furthermore, sequencing system 200 can include an input/output (I/O)signal unit (e.g., interface) 209 for interfacing with a peripheraldevice 210 (e.g., a computer network, modem, mass storage device, etc.).Accordingly, sequencing system 200 may be coupled in a network, such asa client/server environment, whereby a number of clients (e.g., personalcomputers, workstations, portable computers, minicomputers, terminals,etc.) are used to run processes for performing desired tasks.

In FIG. 2A, sequencing system 200 further comprises a 3-D simulator 220.In the embodiment shown in FIG. 2A, 3-D simulator 220 further comprisesa model modifier 221 and a site modeler 222. In one embodiment, 3-Dsimulator 220 comprises a graphics rendering engine which is configuredto generate 3-D simulations (e.g., 280 of FIG. 2B) of a project. In oneembodiment, a user can create 3-D models (e.g., 285 of FIG. 2B) ofcomponents and structures used to complete a project. For example, abridge may require abutments at either end of the bridge, one or morepiers to support the roadway, horizontal beams, and a roadway. Theoverall bridge project may also require access roads, ramps, earthworks,diversion roads, and other structures. In one embodiment, a user can use3-D simulator 220 to render each of these components. In one embodiment,3-D simulator 220 can access a library of previously rendered componentsand render that component as a 3-D model 285. In another embodiment, 3-Dsimulator 220 can access a set of parameters which define thesecomponents. For example, 3-D simulator can access the designspecification for a component and render a 3-D model 285 of thatcomponent. Thus, if the design parameters for a horizontal beam definethe length, width, and height of that beam, 3-D simulator 220 can accessthose parameters and generate a 3-D model 285 of that component. Theseparameters may be stored in volatile memory 203, non-volatile memory 204data storage device 205, or parameter storage component 245 for example,or may be accessed via input/output signal unit 209. In one embodiment,3-D simulator 220 can also generate lighting effects such as shadows, orrendering of the components at different times of the day.

In one embodiment, model modifier 221 can be used to manipulate thesize, scale, and position of each 3-D model 285 it creates. Thus, a usercan access a previously created 3-D model and reconfigure it accordingto the needs of a current project. In one embodiment, when a userchanges a parameter of a component, model modifier 221 automaticallymodifies the 3-D model 285 in response. For example, if the storedparameters describing the thickness of a roadbed are changed, modelmodifier 221 will automatically modify the rendered 3-D model 285 of theroadbed to incorporate the changed thickness. As will be described ingreater detail below, model modifier 221 is also configured toautomatically modify a 3-D model 285 of a component in response to anindication from 2-D plan generator 250. Additionally, model modifier 221can be used to view each 3-D model 285 from a variety of angles asdesired by a user and facilitates incorporating texture and/or color toprovide a more realistic representation of each object.

Site modeler 222 is used to generate a 3-D digital site plan. In oneembodiment, site modeler 222 can access survey data, aerial photos,satellite data, and/or digital terrain data and create a digital terrainmodel of the project area. In one embodiment, site modeler 222 canincorporate data from a variety of sources (e.g., digital terrain dataand aerial photos) to create a more realistic representation of thesite. This includes the elevation of features of the site such as hills,ridges, valleys, depressions, and the like. Additionally, site modeler222 can incorporate existing structures such as roads, railways,buildings, vegetation, etc. In one embodiment, site modeler 222 isconfigured to modify the original site plan to account for changes inthe terrain due to the project. Thus, site modeler 222 can generate aseries of 3-D site plans which show the terrain configuration as theproject progresses.

In one embodiment, 3-D simulator 220 is configured to incorporate the3-D models 285 described above into the digital site plan to create a3-D simulation 280 which shows how the site will look at various stagesof the project. Furthermore, the 3-D simulation 280 can incorporate theelement of time so that a user can view a 3-D simulation 280 of the siteat various stages of the project.

In FIG. 2A, sequencing system 200 further comprises a cost estimator230. In the embodiment of FIG. 2A, cost estimator 230 further comprisesa cost estimate modifier 231. In one embodiment, cost estimator 230 isconfigured to generate a cost estimate (e.g., 270 of FIG. 2B) based uponthe sequence of events described in a schedule for completing a projectas well as the initial configuration of the project site. In oneembodiment, this may include, but is not limited to, the cost ofearthworks such as terrain contouring the project site, the cost ofstructures and materials used in the project, the ownership andoperating costs of vehicles and other equipment used on the project,wages, financing, operational costs, regulatory costs, or other factorsinvolved in the completion of a project. In one embodiment, each costestimate 270 is based upon a defined sequence of events in theconstruction of a project which are associated with a respectiveschedule (e.g., 290 of FIG. 2B). In other words, one cost estimate 270is associated with a schedule 290 which defines a first sequence ofevents in the progress of a project. A second cost estimate 270 isassociated with a second schedule 290 which defines a second sequence ofevents in the progress of a project. In one embodiment, each eventdefined in a schedule may be associated with a cost. For example, to laya linear mile of highway may cost one million dollars. Thus, if oneevent defined in a schedule is to lay a linear mile of highway, thiscost can be associated with the event of laying a mile of highway. Inone embodiment, each event defined in a schedule is associated with acost which is used by cost estimator 230 to generate the cost of aproject.

Cost estimate modifier 231 is for modifying a cost estimate 270 inresponse to a change in an element of the project. For example, if thecourse of a roadway is changed, cost estimate modifier 231 is configuredto modify an existing cost estimate 270 to account for the changes.Similarly, a change in a structure or component, a change in a sequenceof events, or other factors will cause cost estimate modifier 231 tomodify a cost estimate 270. In one embodiment, cost estimate modifier231 will update an existing cost estimate 270 to account for the changesmade to an associated schedule for a project. In another embodiment,cost estimate modifier 231 will retain the original cost estimate 270and generate a second cost estimate 270 in response to a change made toan associated project. As will be discussed in greater detail below,cost estimate modifier 231 can also access site variable definer 260.Site variable definer 260 is used to define one or more variables of theproject site which may have an impact on the overall cost of theproject. Using site variable definer 260, cost estimate modifier 231 canmodify a cost estimate to more accurately define what the cost forcompleting a project will be based upon conditions which may be uniqueto the project site.

In FIG. 2A, sequencing system 200 further comprises a scheduler 240. Inone embodiment, scheduler 240 is configured to generate a schedule inwhich a sequence of events for completing a project is defined. In oneembodiment, schedule 290 comprises a spreadsheet which identifies eachcomponent or operation which is performed in the project. Each of thesecomponents or operations is also associated with a time when thatcomponent or operation is to be completed. In one embodiment, a user canmanually enter into the spreadsheet each component/operation and thetime of completion. In another embodiment, a user can use 3-D simulator220 to graphically create a simulation of the completion of the project.In other words, the user can bring 3-D models (e.g., 285) of componentsinto a 3-D terrain model in a “drag-and-drop” operation. As an example,a user can integrate a succession of 3-D models 285 of pipelinecomponents and link them using 3-D simulator 220. The sequence in whichthe 3-D models 285 are integrated into the 3-D simulation can be used bysequencing system 200 to derive a schedule 290 for integratingcomponents of the pipeline. In one embodiment, scheduler 240 isconfigured to generate a schedule 290 based upon the sequence of 3-Dmodels 285 which the user integrates into a 3-D simulation 280. Inanother embodiment, scheduler 240 can generate a schedule 290 based upona sequence of 2-D models of components and/or structures which areintegrated via 2-D plan generator 250.

In one embodiment, each component and/or operation performed in thecompletion of the project can be broken down into sub-components andsub-operations. Furthermore, sequencing system 200 can access apre-existing schedule 290. In one embodiment, scheduler 240 isconfigured to modify an existing schedule to generate schedule 290. Inone embodiment, each component and/or operation defined in schedule 290further comprises an associated cost. This may be an estimated cost, orcan be based upon previous projects in which a similar operation wasperformed.

FIG. 2A, sequencing system 200 further comprises a parameter storagecomponent 245. As described above, in one embodiment parameter storagecomponent 245 is used to store parameters describing one or morestructures, components, or terrain components of a project. For example,a curve in a road may be defined by standards set by the government withregard to the radius of the curve and/or super-elevation of the roadsurface to accommodate vehicles at the design speed for the road. Theroadbed itself may also be defined by mandated standards for lane width,shoulders, roadbed preparation and thickness, drainage, etc. In oneembodiment, sequencing system 200 is configured access the parameters ofcomponents of a project from parameter storage component 245. In oneembodiment, the parameters stored in parameter storage component 245 canbe accessed by 3-D simulator 220 to generate 3-D models of componentsused in a project.

FIG. 2A, sequencing system 200 further comprises a 2-dimensional (2-D)plan generator 250. In one embodiment, 2-D plan generator 250 isconfigured to facilitate planning a project using a 2-D representation aproject site. In one embodiment, 2-D plan generator 250 is used forroute planning by generating a plurality of route options for a projectsuch as a road, railroad, etc. In one embodiment, 2-D plan generator 250accesses the terrain data as described above with reference to sitemodeler 222 to create a 2-D map of the project site. It is noted thatterrain contours and other data can be displayed in the 2-D mapgenerated by 2-D plan generator 250. Additionally, 2-D plan generator250 can generate a 2-D elevation profile of a linear feature as well.

In one embodiment, a user can use drop down menus, dialog boxes, orother user interfaces to define parameters which include, but are notlimited to, engineering parameters, geological features, existingfeatures and/or structures, rules for crossing and/or integrating withexisting features, restricted zones (e.g., environmentally sensitiveareas), as well as the boundaries of the project site. In oneembodiment, 2-D plan generator 250 will generate a cost estimate forcompleting a project based upon a route which a user of sequencingsystem 200 has identified. For example, using the parameters describedabove, as well as those described with reference to parameter storagecomponent 245, 2-D plan generator 250 can identify components and/oroperations which are necessary in order to complete the project usingcomponent identifier 255. In one embodiment, component identifier 255 isconfigured to identify structures such as bridges, culverts, retainingwalls, viaducts, elevated structures, tunnels, etc. as well as anestimate of the earthworks (e.g., cut and fill operations, or otherearthmoving operations) needed to complete the project. In oneembodiment, 2-D plan generator 250 is configured to generate a pluralityof route plans (e.g., dozens, hundreds, thousands of route plans) tofacilitate identifying which route plan best implements the parametersfor a project. In one embodiment, a user can manually alter the 2-D mapof the project site. For example, a user can manually drag a portion ofa roadway to extend a curve to a wider turn radius. In one embodiment,sequencing system 200 will automatically generate a cost estimate whichshows how changing the existing plan will affect the cost of theproject. In one embodiment, 3-D simulator 220 will automaticallygenerate a 3-D model 285 of each component identified by 2-D plangenerator 250 as well as a 3-D terrain model of the project site. Forexample, parameters of each of the components identified by 2-D plangenerator 250 can be accessed from parameter storage component 245.Furthermore, cost estimator 230 can generate a cost estimate 270 basedupon the structures and operations identified by 2-D plan generator 250.

FIG. 2A, sequencing system 200 further comprises a site variable definer260. In one embodiment, site variable definer 260 is configured todefine variables of a project site and available resources which mayalso affect the cost of the project. In one embodiment, cost estimatemodifier 231 may use one or more site variables to modify a costestimate 270 for a project. For example, the weather conditions whilethe project is being completed can have a significant impact on the costof the project. In one embodiment, past weather patterns, or projectedweather trends for the duration of the project, can be used by costestimator 230 when generating cost estimate 270. Additionally,geological conditions including, but not limited to, the type of terrain(e.g., hills, wetland, desert, etc.), soil types, and depths can be usedby cost estimator 230 when generating cost estimate 270. Cost estimator230 can also factor in existing road conditions and traffic patterns, aswell as road conditions and/or traffic patterns created during theproject when generating cost estimate 270. This may include the trafficcapacity of the roads, surface conditions, speed limits, peak traffichours, and other factors which may affect how well materials can bemoved to, from and around a project site. Additionally, trafficconditions on the project site itself can be considered when generatingcost estimate 270. For example, if a foundation for a large building isbeing poured, it is likely that traffic on the project site willincrease compared with other times due to the large number of concretemixers which will be traversing the project site. Additionally, theprojected delivery times of other materials can affect the amount oftraffic on a project site and can also be factored into cost estimate270.

Cost estimator 230 can also factor in available vehicles and/or otherequipment used on the project when generating cost estimate 270. Thismay also include performance parameters of each vehicle such as loadcarrying capacity, operating speeds, ownership and operating costs pervehicle, the relative efficiency of a vehicle at performing a giventask, and other factors which may affect the cost of the project.Additionally, the availability of rental equipment can be factored intocost estimate 270. Similarly, the availability of equipment may vary atdifferent times in the project can be factored into cost estimate 270.For example, a paving machine may be available at an earlier stage inthe project and not available, or available at a higher cost, later inthe course of the project. This may affect not only the sequence ofevents in a schedule, but the cost of the project as well. Thus, if acertain piece of equipment is not available at a given time, sequencingsystem 200 can generate a message to prevent generating a schedule whichrequires that equipment at that given time. Similarly, a user canschedule different mixes of equipment to determine whether it isbeneficial to the project. For example, if a user wants to complete theearthworks portion of the project as soon as possible, the user candefine different mixes of earthmoving equipment to determine an optimalmix for moving the soil quickly and economically. The user can thendesignate a different mix of vehicles for later phases of the project.Thus, using sequencing system 200, a user can optimize the mix avehicles at the project site for each phase of the project and generatean analysis of the financial impact of that vehicle mix on the cost ofthe project.

Other site variables used by cost estimator to generate cost estimate270 may include parameters of materials at the project site. Forexample, if it has been raining recently and a project involvesextensive earthmoving operations, it will be more expensive and timeconsuming to move wet soil than if the soil is dry. This information canbe estimated based upon recent weather patterns, or based upon measuredsoil moisture content. Thus, a user may elect to defer some earthmovingoperations until the soil has dried out based upon an analysis generatedby sequencing system 200. Cost estimator 230 can also factor in how farmaterials have to be moved on the project site. For example, if soil canbe moved from one part of the project site and used at another, theproject will cost less than if the soil has to be trucked offsite anddumped at another location. Additionally, sometimes soil may sometimeshave to be handled in a special manner if toxins or other environmentalrisks are detected and can be factored into cost estimate 270. Also, thespeed at which materials can be moved can be factored into cost estimate270. For example, the load capacity and maximum operating speed of onetype of dump truck relative to another type may affect the cost of theproject. Additionally, if the vehicles have to move over unimprovedroads, or steep grades, it will reduce the ability to move materials.

Cost estimator 230 can also factor in which equipment operators will beworking at the project site and their wages. For example, some operatorsmay be sick, on vacation, or otherwise unavailable at a point in theproject. Additionally, operator availability impacts wages as acomparison of the benefits of working one or more operators at overtimewages rather than ordinary wages may be considered. Operatoravailability may also affect how quickly benchmarks in the progress ofthe project can be completed. Additionally, the productivity of aparticular operator may affect the status of a project. It is possibleto collect data which reflects the productivity of employees at a siteand use this data to determine how it will affect the status of theproject in the future. For example, a less skilled operator of anexcavator may only perform 75% of the workload which can be performed bya more experienced operator. This in turn affects how much material canbe moved at a site and how long it will take to move it.

In one embodiment, site variable definer 260 is further configured todefine other factors which may affect the cost of the project. Forexample, for a given project, a bonus may be paid for completing theproject ahead of schedule and a penalty is incurred for completing theproject later than projected. Thus, it may be beneficial to work some,or all, of the employees at the project site overtime in order to earnthe bonus for completing the project ahead of schedule. Other factorsmay include, but are not limited to, scheduled delivery of materialsand/or components, cash flow, cash reserves, financing, regulatorycosts, operational costs, costs of materials, etc. which may be incurredduring the progress of the project. In one embodiment, cost estimator230 can use this data when generating cost estimate 270. Thus, costestimator 230 provides a useful financial analysis for comparing variousschedules and determining which schedules are economically beneficial.

It is noted that while some components are described above as beingimplemented as computer-readable and computer-executable instructions,other embodiments may implement computer hardware and/or firmware or acombination thereof to implement the same functionality. This mayinclude, but is not limited to, 3-D simulator 220, cost estimator 230,scheduler 240, parameter storage 245, 2-D plan generator 250, componentidentifier 255, and site variable definer 260. Additionally, thefunctionality of the components described above may be integrated inaccordance with embodiments.

FIG. 3 shows an example site 300 in accordance with one embodiment. InFIG. 3, site 300 comprises a divided highway in which traffic lanes 305a and 305 b carry traffic in one direction and traffic lanes 307 a and307 b carry traffic in the other direction. The project which is beingplanned using sequencing system 200 comprises a bridge section 325 whichis to cross over the divided highway. Also being built in the projectare a ramp 310 and ramp 311 for carrying traffic off of, or onto,traffic lane 305 a. A pier 315 will also be built during the project tosupport bridge section 325. In one embodiment, a user defines one ormore site variables as described above with reference to FIG. 2A.

The user can also use 3-D simulator 220 to render 3-D models 285 ofcomponents of project site 300 such as bridge section 325, or componentsthereof such as steel beams which will support a roadway of the bridgesection, sidewalks, drainage structures, etc. The user can also use 3-Dsimulator 220 to render 3-D models 285 of other components such as pier315, ramp 310 and ramp 311, or diversion lanes 321 and 320.Alternatively, these components can be rendered by 3-D simulator 220 byaccessing a file of stored models, accessing parameters descriptive ofthese components via parameter storage component 245, or using 2-D plangenerator 250 to identify those components and then accessing theparameters of the components via parameter storage component 245.

The user can also use scheduler 240 to define at least one schedule 290in which the sequence of constructing these components is defined. Forexample, a first schedule 290 may indicate that pier 315 is built first.Then ramps 310 and 311 will be built, followed by bridge section 325.Cost estimator 230 will then generate a corresponding cost estimate 270which describes the cost of building the bridge project in accordancewith the sequence of events defined in the first schedule. A secondschedule 290 may be generated to determine whether closing traffic lane305 b and/or 307 a is desired. This may be desirable in order toexpedite the completion of pier 315. Cost estimator 230 will thengenerate a corresponding cost estimate 270 which describes the cost ofbuilding the bridge project in accordance with the sequence of eventsdefined in the second schedule. The second cost estimate 270 will factorin the impact of closing traffic lane 305 b and traffic lane 307 a onthe cost of the project.

A third schedule may be generated using scheduler 240 in which diversionlanes 320 and 321 are first built followed by the sequence describedabove with reference to the first schedule. This will facilitate closingtraffic lanes 305 a and 305 b simultaneously in order to expedite thebuilding of pier 315. Again, the third cost estimate 270 will factor inthe impact of closing traffic lane 305 a and traffic lane 305 b on thecost of the project. A fourth schedule may be generated using scheduler240 in which pier 315 will be built later in the sequence of events sothat closing of traffic lane 305 b and traffic lane 307 a occurs duringa period when traffic is expected to be lower such as a holiday weekend.Cost estimator 230 will generate a fourth cost estimate 270 which willfactor in the impact of closing traffic lane 305 b and traffic lane 307a on the cost of the project. However, the cost impact on the projectdue to closing traffic lanes 305 b and 307 a may be different than thatof the second scenario due to the lower amount of traffic when the lanesare closed.

In one embodiment, sequencing system 200 will access each of theschedules 290 and generate corresponding 3-D simulations 280 and costestimates 270. In one embodiment, cost estimator 230 will generate acost estimate for each portion of the project, and cost estimatemodifier 231 can modify the cost estimate based upon site variables asdiscussed above. For example, the cost of laying a linear mile ofhighway can be accurately predicted based upon previous experience.Additionally, one or more variables described above can be factored intothe cost estimate of laying the highway to more accurately predict thecost of laying the road based upon actual and/or predicted conditions atthe project site. Again, the sequence of events which occur at theproject site also affects the overall cost of the project and isfactored into the respective cost estimate generated by sequencingsystem 200.

3-D simulator 220 will generate 3-D models of each component identifiedand generate a 3-D simulation showing the progress of the project basedupon the sequence of events defined by particular schedule. Thus, theuser can view the project site in a 3-D environment at various stages inthe project and see whether the sequence of events defined in theschedule is desirable. For example, if traffic lanes 305 a and 305 b areto be closed prior to installing pier 315, a user can see from viewing3-D simulation 280 whether the building of diversion lanes 320 and 321has been correctly sequenced ahead of closing the traffic lanes. Othersequences of events may not be as readily apparent as the building ofdiversion lanes without the use of 3-D simulation 280.

Thus, using sequencing system 200 a user can analyze various options forcompleting a project which not only give a spatial/temporal analysis ofa project, but a cost analysis as well. As a result, a user can quicklydetermine whether a particular schedule for completing a project islogically sound, but is also financially advantageous as well. Becausethe user can define site variables which may be particular to a givensite, a more detailed cost estimate can be generated using sequencingsystem 200. Using sequencing system 200, a user can evaluate the costimpact of different decisions as to how to complete the project and canevaluate the impact of site changes from a quantitative costperspective. More specifically, the site variables allow a user todetermine more precisely what the economic impact will be on the projectas a result of changing the sequence of events at the project site.Additionally, the user can analyze whether existing methods forcompleting a project generate the greatest profits, or whether adifferent sequence of events will be more profitable.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method 400 for adaptive constructionsequencing in accordance with one embodiment. In operation 410 of FIG.4, a scheduling component is used to determine a sequence of events inwhich a plurality of 3-D models are assembled using a 3-D simulationcomponent to create a 3-D simulation of the construction of a project.As described above, in one embodiment a user “assembles” a project byplacing 3-D models of project components into a digital terrain model ofthe project site. For example, referring again to FIG. 3, a user cancreate, or access a previously stored, digital terrain model of site 300using 3-D simulator 220. The digital terrain model includes the presentconformation of the terrain such as elevations, etc. as well as theexisting traffic lanes of the divided highway. Using 3-D simulator 220,the user accesses 3-D models of components of the bridge project andplaces them into the digital terrain model. For example, the user mayfirst place a 3-D model of pier 315 into the digital terrain model,followed by 3-D models of ramp 310, ramp 311, and the various componentsof bridge structure 325. Thus, the 3-D simulation 280 created by theuser comprises the digital terrain model as well as the 3-D models whichare brought into the simulation in a particular sequence. In oneembodiment, the sequence in which the 3-D models are placed into thedigital terrain model is used to determine a sequence of events forcompleting the actual bridge project.

In operation 420 of FIG. 4, a scheduling component is used to generate aschedule for completing the project based upon the sequence indicated inoperation 410 above. In response to the sequence in which the 3-D modelsare placed into the digital terrain model, scheduler 240 creates aschedule 290 which defines the sequence of events which will occur atthe actual project site. The schedule 290 defines the sequence of eventsat the project site in the same order as that performed with referenceto operation 410 above. In other words, in the schedule 290, the pier315 is scheduled to be completed first, followed by the completion oframp 310 and ramp 311. Finally, the various components of bridgestructure 325 are completed. The use of 3-D simulator 220 to indicatethe sequence in which operations at the project site provides a veryintuitive method for generating a project schedule. For example, a usercan readily identify whether a given operation will conflict with otherevents taking place at the site when using a 3-D simulation to initiategenerating a schedule. Alternatively, using a text or spreadsheet editoralone to generate a schedule, a user may not readily recognize whencertain events in a schedule will conflict with other events that areoccurring. This is especially problematic in larger projects involvingdozens of steps or benchmarks and in which a user may find it difficultto track all of the events and whether they are scheduled in a logicalsequence. However, 3-D simulator 220 allows a user to more readilyidentify conflicts and correct the schedule.

In operation 430 of FIG. 4, a cost estimating component is used togenerate a cost estimate of the cost of completing the project inaccordance with the schedule. As described above, cost estimator 230 isconfigured to access the schedule 290 and generate a corresponding costestimate 270 based upon the sequence of events defined by schedule 290.As an example, each of the events may be associated with a respectivecost. In one embodiment, each event is associated with an estimatedcost. For example, if it costs 1 million dollars to lay a linear mile ofhighway, and one event of a project comprises laying a half mile segmentof highway, a reasonable estimate of the cost of that event is one halfmillion dollars. However, this estimate may not account for theparticular conditions at the project site. Using cost estimate modifier231, the site variables can be accessed via site variable definer 260 tomore precisely determine what the actual cost will be for laying onehalf mile of highway based upon the conditions at the project site. Asan example, if extensive cut/fill operations are required to prepare theroadbed, the cost of laying one half mile of highway will be greatlyincreased. Additionally, if the highway passes through or near anenvironmentally sensitive area, the cost of laying the highway will beincreased. As discussed above, site variable definer 260 allows a userto accurately describe the actual conditions in which the project willbe completed to facilitate generating a more precise estimate of thecost to complete the project. The economic impact of these sitevariables may not be readily apparent to a user, especially since theyoften depend upon each other. For example, a delay in the completion ofearthworks may affect the price to rent paving equipment for a site andmay necessitate working some crews overtime in order to complete theproject on time.

FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method 500 for adaptive constructionsequencing in accordance with one embodiment. In operation 510 of FIG.5, a scheduling component is used to access a plurality of schedulescomprising a respective sequence of events for completing a project. Inone embodiment, a plurality of schedules 290 is generated by sequencingsystem 200. This facilitates comparing the various schedules todetermine which one is more efficient and cost effective. As discussedabove, the schedules 290 can be generated using a spreadsheet program,word editor, or 3-D simulator 220 to indicate the desired sequence ofevents.

In operation 520 of FIG. 5, a 3-D simulation component is used togenerate a respective 3-D simulation showing the construction of theproject in accordance with each of the plurality of schedules. In oneembodiment, a respective 3-D simulation 280 is generated for eachschedule 290 generated by sequencing system 200. This facilitatesdetermining whether the sequence of events defined by a given scheduleprogresses in a logical and/or efficient manner. This also facilitatesdiscovering potential conflicts in the sequencing of events.Additionally, a user can view how the project will appear at varioustimes during the progress of the project.

In operation 530 of FIG. 5, a cost estimating component is used togenerate a respective cost estimate for completing the project inaccordance with each of the plurality of schedules. As discussed above,cost estimator 230 generates a respective cost estimate 270corresponding to one of the schedules accessed above in operation 510.Furthermore, sequencing system 200 is configured to generate detailedcost estimates which give a clear indication of the impact thatdifferent schedules can have upon a project's overall cost as well asthe an analysis of the day to day financial state of the project.

Embodiments of the present technology are thus described. While thepresent technology has been described in particular embodiments, itshould be appreciated that the present technology should not beconstrued as limited by such embodiments, but rather construed accordingto the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising; a scheduler componentconfigured to generate a schedule for completing a project; a3-dimensional (3-D) simulation component configured to generate a 3-Dsimulation showing the construction of the project in accordance withsaid schedule; and a cost estimate generating component configured togenerate a cost estimate of the cost of completing the project inaccordance with said schedule.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein said 3-Dsimulation component is further configured to generate a 3-D model of atleast one component of the project.
 3. The system of claim 2 furthercomprising: a parameter storage component configured to store a set ofparameters defining said at least one component; and said 3-D simulationcomponent which is further configured to generate said 3-D model basedupon said set of parameters.
 4. The system of claim 3 wherein said 3-Dsimulation component further comprises: a model modification componentconfigured to modify said 3-D model in response to receiving anindication to modify one of said set of parameters defining said atleast one component; and wherein said cost estimate generating componentfurther comprises a cost estimate modifying component configured tomodify said cost estimate in response to modifying one of said set ofparameters.
 5. The system of claim 3 further comprising: a 2-dimensional(2-D) plan generator configured to generate a 2-D plan of the project;and a component identifier configured to identify said at least onecomponent based upon said 2-D plan of the project and wherein said 3-Dsimulation component is further configured to generate said 3-D modelbased upon said identification.
 6. The system of claim 5 wherein said3-D simulation component further comprises: a model modificationcomponent configured to modify said 3-D model in response to receivingan indication to modify one of said set of parameters defining said atleast one component; and wherein said cost estimate generating componentfurther comprises a cost estimate modifying component configured tomodify said cost estimate in response to modifying one of said set ofparameters.
 7. The system of claim 1 wherein said 3-D simulationcomponent further comprises: a site modeling component configured togenerate a 3-D model of the configuration of a site at which the projectis to be completed.
 8. The system of claim 7 further comprising: a sitevariable defining component configure to define at least one variable ofthe site selected from the group consisting of a distance to move thematerial from said first location to said second location of the site, aroad condition between said first location and said second location ofthe site, how fast the material can be moved from said first location tosaid second location of the site, a time when the material is moved fromsaid first location to said second location of the site, and a weathervariable.
 9. The system of claim 8 further comprising: a resourcedefinition component configured to define a set of available resourcesfor the project.
 10. The system of claim 1 wherein said schedulercomponent is further configured to generate a plurality of schedules forcompleting the project, said 3-D simulation component is furtherconfigured to generate a plurality of 3-D simulations wherein each ofsaid plurality of 3-D simulations shows the construction of the projectin accordance with a respective schedule of said plurality of schedulesand said cost estimate generating component is further configured togenerate a plurality of cost estimates which respectively describe thecost of completing the project in accordance with one of said pluralityof schedules.